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How to sleep better: the evidence-based guide to fixing your sleep

Poor sleep undermines everything else. Here is what the science actually shows about fixing it.

The foundation: consistency

The single most important sleep habit is a consistent wake time — every day, including weekends. This anchors the circadian rhythm (the body's internal clock) more powerfully than bedtime. Matthew Walker's research and NHS guidance both emphasise this: irregular sleep timing is as damaging as insufficient sleep. Combined with morning daylight exposure (which sets the body clock), a consistent wake time is the foundation everything else builds on. Track patterns with our free sleep tracker.

The wind-down and the bedroom environment

The hour before bed matters enormously. Screens emit blue light that suppresses melatonin — the sleep hormone — so a screen-free wind-down hour (our free evening routine checklist) genuinely improves sleep onset. The bedroom should be cool (around 18°C), dark (blackout blinds or an eye mask) and quiet. Reserve the bed for sleep, so the brain associates it with rest rather than scrolling or working. Avoid caffeine after midday (it has a 6-hour half-life) and alcohol close to bed (it fragments sleep).

When sleep won't come

The counterintuitive rule: if you can't sleep after about 20 minutes, get up and do something calm and dim-lit until sleepy, then return to bed. Lying awake frustrated trains the brain to associate the bed with wakefulness. Don't check the clock. For persistent insomnia (3+ nights a week for 3+ months), CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia) is the NHS-recommended first-line treatment — more effective long-term than sleeping pills. Speak to a GP if sleep problems persist.

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Frequently asked questions

How many hours of sleep do adults actually need?
Most adults need 7-9 hours. The widespread belief that some people thrive on 4-5 hours is largely a myth — true short sleepers are extremely rare (a genetic variant in less than 1% of people). Most people who sleep 5-6 hours are accumulating a sleep debt that impairs cognition, mood and health, even if they feel they've adapted. Quality matters alongside quantity.
Do sleeping pills work for insomnia?
Sleeping pills can help short-term (e.g. during acute stress) but are not recommended for long-term insomnia — they lose effectiveness, can cause dependence, and don't address the underlying causes. The NHS recommends CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia) as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia. It's more effective long-term and available via the NHS and apps like Sleepio. Always consult a GP about persistent insomnia.