The techniques with the strongest evidence
Active recall and spaced repetition are the two most robustly evidenced study techniques (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006; Cepeda et al, 2006). Together, they produce significantly better long-term retention than passive re-reading or highlighting. See our glossary for detailed explanations of both active recall and spaced repetition.
The techniques most students use (and why they don't work)
Re-reading notes produces familiarity, not recall. Highlighting creates the illusion of engagement without active processing. Cramming produces short-term retention but poor long-term memory (information crammed the night before an exam is largely forgotten within 24 hours). These feel like studying because they are effortful — but cognitive effort and learning are not the same thing.
A practical study system
Before the session: identify the specific topic (not 'chemistry' but 'rates of reaction'). During the session: read once for understanding, then close materials and write down everything you remember (active recall). After the session: compare your recall against the source and flag gaps. Schedule review using a spaced repetition schedule (our free revision timetable structures this). Use past papers for examination technique.
Our picks compared
| Pick | Product | Best for | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top pick | A4 heavyweight matte card | Study planning | Check price → |
| Flashcards | Blank flashcard set 200 A6 revision cards | Active recall | Check price → |
| App | Anki spaced repetition flashcard app free | Spaced rep app | Check price → |
| Timer | Pomodoro timer 25 minute desk analogue | Session timer | Check price → |
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